European Exploration of the Americas

I. Portugal
	A. Needed to respond to Columbus’s discovery
	B. Vespucci sailed once under Spain/To Brazil for Portugal
		1. Said “Mundus Novus” - New World
		2. German Martin Waldseemuller “Introduction to Cosmography”
			a. Used Latin for Amerigo - America
			b. Remember Columbus never believed he was in new world
	C. Alvares Cabral
		1. Aimed for India - right hand turn in Atlantic - ended up in Brazil
II. Spain
	A. Portugese Ferdinand Magellan - Victoria
		1. See that Spice Islands were on Spanish side of Treaty of Tordesillas
		2. Set sail in 1519 sailed around South America to Pacific Ocean
			a. Named Pacific
			b. Balboa saw Ocean first, but Magellan named
		3. Explored Phillipine Islands
		4. Tried to convert locals to Christianity - succeeded with leader of
			Cebu
			a. Led to local war - April 27, 1521 killed by Natives
		5. Juan Sebastian del Cano sailed back to Spain - 1522
		6. First circumnavigation
	B. Motivations for Exploration
		1. Primogeniture - oldest son gets everything
			a. No more titles left in Spain
	C. Ponce De Leon - Puerto Rico 1508
		1. Looking for fountain of youth
		2. Killed by Indian arrow in Florida
	D. Cuba/Jamaica taken by Spain in 1510/1511
	E. Hernan Cortes
		1. 1519 defeated Tlascalas people
		2. Turned Tlascalas against Aztecs and defeated them
		3. Montezuma II saw Cortez as coming of god - Quetzalcoatl
		4. August 13, 1521 - Aztec Empire fell to Cortez
	F. Francisco Pizarro
		1. 1531 defeated Incas in Peru
	G. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca looked for Seven Cities of Cibola
	H. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
		1. 1540-1542 travelled up Southwest to Kansas
		2. Defeated Zuni pueblo of Hawikuh, but they had nothing he wanted
		3. Took tribes into slavery and stole their food/supplies
	I. 1579 Sir Francis Drake alnded in central California
		1. Spain caught in European wars
		2. Didn’t want to waste time claiming useless land
		3. 1598 Don Juan de Onate went to El Paso, Texas and claimed all
			land for Spain - New Mexico - Texas > California
			a. Cruelty to local Indians brought him fines and stripped of
				honor
			b. Cut off hands/feet and enslaved tribes
	J. “Black Legend” of Spain in New World
		1. Las Casas wrote about cruel treatment by the Spanish of Natives
		2. Racial warfare common to conquistadors
			a. Fought Moors for 800 years for control of Iberian peninsula
		3. Conquistadors self-financed explorations
			a. When gold not found - need to some how recoup losses
		4. Encomienda system - granted encomendars (land grants)
			a. Any Indian living on land could be enslaved
			b. Did received useless wages
		5. However, Spanish missionaries pushed for spiritual change
			a. Key to continuing finance from Spain
			b. Created new world of Christians
	K. Black Robes - priests
		1. Founded missions throughout Texas
		2. Father Junipero Serra - missions in California - El Camino Real
		3. Missions were communities - labor on fields/practice religion
			a. Coming together of natives spread disease
			b. Natives treated as children needing to be watched
III. England
	A. John Cabot - 1497
		1. Born in Genoa - Giovanni Caboto
		2. Hired by English merchants
			a. Find shortcut to spices
			b. England furthest west - has furthest to go to get spices
		3. Landed in Newfoundland one month after leaving		
			a. Said northeast corner of Asia
			b. Returned to England, given 20 L annual pension
			c. Returned for second voyage with 5 ships - lost at sea
		4. Sebastian Cabot - had sailed for Spain
			a. Failed to follow Magellan’s course
			b. Went searching for...Northwest Passage
		5. 1587 John Davis explored Arctic
			a. Then explored Falkland Islands in South America
		6. Queen Elizabeth I wanted to set up new world
			a. Could be center of trading empire
			b. Commissioned Sir Walter Raleigh to settle land
			c. 1585 sent Sir Richard Greenville to North Carolina coast -
				Croatan Sound
				1. Year later, Sir Francis Drake found them, all wanted
					to return to England
			d. 1587 sent 117 people to Roanoke Island
				1. Leader John White dropped off people on swampy
					island
				2. Returned to England for suppies
				3. Spanish Armada attack made return impossible
				4. White returned 1590 - only CROATAN written on 
					rock
				5. All had vanished