Colonization Notes

I. Virginia
	A. Peace at last
		1. No more war with Spain or Scotland in 1603
			a. $ and men can go to Americas
	B. Too expensive to colonize - stock companies combined
		1. Virginia Company - Southern Virginia
		2. Plymouth Company - Northern Virginia
		* Ironic - “Virginia” = Entire North American Continent
		3. Goals
			a. Charter said Christianity
			b. Reality = gold
	C. Jamestown
		1. December 20, 1606 104 colonists on Susan Constant, Goodspeed, Discovery
		2. Arrived in Chesapeake Bay in May 1607 and founded Jamestown (after King James of course)
		3. Difficulties
			a. Built houses in malaria swamp (not too bright, mosquitoes bite)
			b. Arrived to late for crops
			c. Colonists were “gentlement” not used to work
			d. Few months 51 died, some joined Indians, rest entered “starving time”
				1. Some resorted to cannibalism (icky)
		4. Needed crop to prosper (hmmm...how about a leafy substance)
			a. Tobacco
				1. Exported a ton back to England
				2. People wanted to emigrate to Virginia now
		5. Colony spread
			a. Immigrants wanting $ from tobacco
			b. Indentured servants contract was up and were given land as tenant farmers
		6. Democracy’s Debut
			a. July 30, 1619 Elected “burgesses” met with Governor = House of Burgesses
		7. Indians raided in 1622 and Virginia Company looked bad
			a. England took Virginia over as a Royal Colony
II. Maryland - 1634
	A. Catholic safe land
		1. Lord Baltimore ordered out of Virginia - Roman Catholic
		2. Maryland became refuge for Roman Catholics, but mostly Protestant
		3. King Charles I wife was French Catholic - granted land to Lord Baltimore
	B. 200 Catholic colonists aboard boat The Ark and the Dove
	C. 1649 - Act Concerning Religion - freedom of religion (to all Christians)
IV. The Puritan Colonies
	A. King Henry VIII behavior
		1. Wants to divorce childless wife Catherine of Argon(brother’s widow) - 1527
		2. Marry 20 year old Anne Boleyn
			a. Asks permission from Pope Clement VII
			b. Turns down request for annullment
		3. Henry separates church from Rome/says new church should be lead by king of England - himself
		4. Anglican priests want reform
			a. Personal experience of God
			b. Requires moral conduct
			c. Simple/less traditional worship services
	B.. Plymouth - Pilgrims Massachusetts - November 21, 1620
		1. Pilgrims were Separatist Puritans who wanted to break from Church of England
		2. Moved first to Leiden, Holland in 1609, but wanted to create own society modeled after New
			Testament
		3. Arrived in Cape Cod on November 11, 1620 on Mayflower
			a. “Strangers” on boat/non-puritans wanting success
		4. Landed North of Virginia charter
			a. Theory that Pilgrims bribed captain to end up secluded in the North
			b. November 21 dropped anchor Provincetown, Mass.
		5. Signed Mayflower Compact - agreed to majority rule (ding, ding, ding...DEMOCRACY!)
			a. Pilgrims make laws regardless of number of future “Strangers”
		6. Pilgrims couldn’t survive on own
			a. Squanto (spoke English) taught them how to catch fish and plant corn
			b. Used deserted Indian land
		7. October 1621 Pilgrims invited Chief Massasoit over for a feast
			a. He brought 90 “family members” with him for first Thanksgiving (became November
				holiday under FDRoosevelt)
		8. Wanted to set up “New Israel”
		9. Labeled “Pilgrims” by historian William Bradford
		10. Primarily farmers - not rich or indentured servants - gave them head-start
		11. Wanted religious monopoly - tried to stay separate from others - didn’t help/fought settlers
		12. Lost financial backing from England - only 300 Pilgrims in 1630
		13. Merged with Mass. in 1691
	C. Boston/Puritans - 1630
		1. King Charles I persecuted Puritans
		2. 1629 Legal charter for Massachusetts Bay Colony
		3. Money from wealthy English
		4. Governor John Winthrop
			a. Boston capital
			b. Created townships
				1. Church membership - elders decided - full/non-members
				2. Non-members still paid taxes and had to go to church
			c. Theocracy - combination church and state
		8. 1630 - 1000 Puritans arrived and set up Boston			
			a. Insisted on sobriety, morals, economy equal for all
			b. Massachusetts Bay Colony gave land grants to ousted priests who then set up towns
			c. Literarcy important to read Bible - Harvard College 1636
	D. Connecticut - 1636
		1. Left Mass - settled in Hanford
		2. Clergyman Thomas Hooker - banished
			a. Believed women should have role
			b. Church leaders had too much control over daily lives of people
		3. Corporate colony
		4. Fundamental Orders - 1639
	E. New Hampshire - 1638
		1. 1623 Captain John Mason and others sent men to set up fishing colony
			a. Named after Mason’s England county of Hampshire
		2. John Wheelwright - Banished from Boston
			a. Follower of Anne Hutchinson
		3. Royal Province in 1679 and then 1698 Mass. took over until 1741
		4. 1639 signed Exeter Compact that united townships
		
	B. Rhode Island - 1636
		1. Anne Hutchinson and Rev. Roger Williams kicked out of Mass.
			a. Believed in anarchy and “odd” ways of interpreting Bible
			b. Rhode Island became haven for persecuted
			c. Three main concerns - “strange opinions”
				1. Indians should be paid
				2. No theocracy - separate church and state
				3. Religious toleration - individual- priest/Bible don’t control all
		2. Roger Williams emigrated in 1631, refused to be Boston minister until separate from Anglican
			church
		3. 1635 Kicked out - bought land from Indians on Naragansett Bay
		4. 1644 official patent from England
		5. Became haven for all religions
V. New Netherland - 1623
	A. 1609 Henry Hudson goes exploring - found Hudson River and Hudson Bay (ahhh...clever name)	
	B. 1624 Peter Minuit became leader of Settlement on Manhattan Island
		1. Set up sales agreement of Manhattan for two boxes of hatchets, beads, pots, and cloth 
			a. 60 guilders = $24
			b. Theory - Indians simply leased land
			c. Theory - Manhattan Indians had no concept of land ownership
	C. 1630 New Amsterdam became sailor man’s town	
		1. Taverns, smugglers, traders
	D. Set up villages of Haerlem, Breucelen (hmmm...names sound familiar)
	E. Pavonia Massacre
		1. 1640 Raritan Indians refused to pay taxes
		2. Governor William Kieft went to war against them
		3. Sent Mohawks against Wappingers
			a. Wappingers made mistake of going to Kieft for help
		4. February 25-26 1643 Dutch troops massacred refugees
			a. Heads of 80 murdered brought back and used as footballs
			b. 30 prisoners tortured publicly to death
		5. Kieft forced to return to Amsterdam
		6. Peter Stuyvesant replaced Kieft and enacted laws
			a. Tried to have stability
			b. Built defensive wall - “Wall Street”
	E. 1664 Small English fleet ordered Dutch surrender
		1. Governor Stuyvesant stomped wooden leg and said “No!!”
		2. Few hours later Dutch surrendered
			a. Tenant farmers had no allegiance to Dutch
	F. King Charles II gives land to brother James (Duke of York)
VI. The Carolinas - 1670 - Charleston Founded
	A. Charles II wanted to expand empire
	B. 1663 granted land south of Virginia to political supporters
	C. Named Carolina - Latin for “Charles”
	D. Freedom of worship attracted Protestants from all over
		1. France, Barbados, England
	E. First set up as trading post with Indians
		1. Indian slaves
		2. Deerskin (buckskin = “buck”)
	F. South grew rice/North grew tobacco
	G. 1719 split to North and South
VII. Georgia
VIII. Pennsylvania - 1681
	A. Society of Friends - founded by George Fox
		1. Believed true spirituality came from “inner light”
		2. Non-violence
		3. Equality of gender/race
	B. “Quakers” - Fox told judge to “tremble at the word of the Lord”
	C. Supported by William Penn - 1681 received charter
	D. 1682 founded Philadelphia - Latin for “Brotherly Love”
	E. Made treaty of friendship with Indians
	F. Seal of state “Mercy, Justice, Truth, Peace, Love, Plenty”
	G. Law ended prison for debters
IX. Georgia - 1732
	A. James Oglethorpe - general, philanthropist, wealthy man
		1. Led group - got charter from King George II
	B. Used as buffer between England and Florida
	C. Goal of colony
		1. Relief for debtors
		2. Convicts start anew
		3. Protestant dissenters
	D. Policies
		1. No rum sold
		2. No slavery
		3. No land grants larger than 500 acres
	E. All of policies broken by 1733
		
X. West Indies
	A. Linked to England and American colonies
		1. Slave labor made plantions profitable for absentee landowners
		2. Made tropical products for use back in Europe
		3. Imported salt meat, salt fish, breadstuffs and ground vegetables from English colonies
XI. New France
	A. Along St. Lawrence River
		1. Convert natives to Catholicism
		2. Beaver skins
	B. “Black Robes” - Catholic missionaries
	C. Policy of alliances with tribes
	D. Samuel de Champlain - 1603-1616 mapped Canada coast, made alliances, traded
		1. 1608 Founded Quebec
		2. Wanted fur trade all for himself - by 1635 only 150 settlers
	E. Claimed St. Lawrence region for France
	F. Jean Baptiste Talon hired Louis Joliet to explore mythical “Mesippi”
		1. Believed to be Northwest Passage
		2. Instead gave France claim to all of land from Appalachians to Rocky Mountains